Joint replacement surgery is a crucial option for people dealing with severe joint pain and mobility issues. Having undergone a reverse total shoulder replacement myself four weeks ago, this topic is personal to me. Over the years, I’ve treated many patients and seen friends and family members undergo joint replacements. But until it was my turn, I hadn’t fully realized the impact it would have on my life. Now I’m looking forward to being able to put things on the top shelf of the closet again.
A few years ago, my wife started experiencing pain in her hip. She slowly began to limit many of the activities she enjoyed. She kept thinking she didn’t need surgery because the pain would go away. Eventually when she could hardly leave the house due to the pain she opted for surgery. Now she’s back to walking, riding bicycles, and going to exercise class. The only drawback is setting off the security alarms in the airports.
As we age or suffer injuries, the cartilage in our joints can deteriorate, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced quality of life. Falls, in particular, are a significant cause of joint injuries requiring replacement. In my case, a fall resulted in the rupture of three out of four tendons in my left rotator cuff. In this post, we’ll explore three common joint replacements: knee, hip, and shoulder, and discuss the symptoms, surgical procedures, and recovery processes for each.
Knee Replacement
When Is It Needed?
Knee replacement surgery is usually recommended when the knee joint becomes severely damaged, often due to:
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Post-traumatic arthritis
- Severe knee injury
Common symptoms indicating the need for surgery include pain during activity, swelling, loss of mobility, and difficulty walking, climbing stairs, or even standing.
The Surgery
In a total knee replacement, the surgeon removes the damaged cartilage and bone from the femur, tibia, and patella. These are replaced with metal and plastic components designed to mimic the function of a healthy knee joint. Hospital stays typically range from one to three days.
Recovery Process
Recovery usually takes several months. Physical therapy starts soon after surgery to restore mobility and strengthen muscles. Most patients can walk with minimal assistance within 4-6 weeks, but full recovery often takes 6-12 months. Consistent physical therapy is crucial to prevent stiffness and improve the range of motion. Swelling may persist for several months and requires ongoing management.
Hip Replacement
When Is It Needed?
Hip replacement surgery is often considered when pain and joint dysfunction interfere with daily activities. Common reasons for hip replacement include:
- Osteoarthritis
- Hip fractures
- Avascular necrosis (bone death due to loss of blood supply)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
Patients frequently experience hip, thigh or groin pain, stiffness, and a limp, making walking and standing difficult. When other treatments fail, surgery becomes the best option.
The Surgery
In a total hip replacement, the damaged hip socket and femoral head are replaced with prosthetic components. The new joint typically consists of a metal or ceramic ball fitting into a metal or plastic cup. Hospital stays are generally one to three days.
There are two main surgical approaches:
- Anterior Approach: This approach may allow for a faster recovery with fewer movement restrictions but requires specialized surgical skill. It results in less muscle damage as the procedure is performed between the muscles rather than through the muscles. It does carry a small risk of nerve injury. This approach is not suitable for obese or very muscular patients.
- Standard Approach: It is often better suited for patients with complex cases like severe fractures as it allows better visibility of the joint. This method may have a slightly slower recovery time and a marginally higher risk of post-operative dislocation. It is suitable for a wider range of body types and is appropriate for almost all patients.
The choice of approach should be made in consultation with your surgeon, who will recommend the best option for your specific condition.
Recovery Process
Rehabilitation begins quickly, often within a day of surgery. Patients typically use a walker or crutches for the first few weeks, gradually transitioning to normal walking. Full recovery generally takes about 3-6 months, although some patients may take longer to regain full strength and mobility.
Shoulder Replacement
When Is It Needed?
Shoulder replacement surgery is less common than knee or hip replacements but is necessary when the shoulder joint is severely damaged. It is typically recommended for:
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Rotator cuff tear arthropathy
- Severe fractures
Patients often report pain, limited range of motion, and difficulty with overhead movements or lifting objects.
The Surgery
In a total shoulder replacement, the damaged parts of the humerus (upper arm bone) and the shoulder blade are replaced with metal and plastic implants. If the rotator cuff is intact, a traditional shoulder replacement is performed. If the rotator cuff is severely damaged, a reverse shoulder replacement may be chosen, relying on the deltoid muscle instead.
The decision on the type of shoulder replacement should be made with your surgeon, based on your specific clinical condition.
Recovery Process
Recovery involves several months of physical therapy to restore strength and mobility. A sling is typically used for the first few weeks. Improvements in pain relief and function are often noticed within weeks, but full recovery can take 3-6 months. Patients undergoing reverse replacements may experience less pain initially, though they might have some limitations in their range of motion.
Potential Complications
Infection
One of the most serious complications of joint replacement surgery is infection. It can occur at the incision site or deep around the artificial joint. Infections can be classified as:
- Superficial (Incisional) Infections: These typically involve only the skin and soft tissue around the incision site. They may be managed with antibiotics and local wound care.
- Deep Joint Infections: Infections that involve the joint itself are more severe. They may require surgical intervention, such as a procedure to clean the joint (debridement) or, in extreme cases, complete removal of the prosthesis.
Prevention: Surgeons take precautions like administering antibiotics before and during surgery, and follow strict sterile techniques to reduce this risk.
2. Blood Clots (Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism)
Blood clots can occur after joint replacement surgeries, particularly for hip and knee replacements. Blood clots can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis, or DVT) and, if dislodged, travel to the lungs, causing a life-threatening condition known as a pulmonary embolism.
Symptoms:
- Swelling, redness, and pain in the leg (DVT)
- Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or coughing up blood (pulmonary embolism)
Prevention:
- Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants)
- Compression stockings
- Early mobilization and physical therapy
- Use of pneumatic compression devices
Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious complications.
3. Dislocation
Dislocation of the new joint is a concern, especially with hip and shoulder replacements. It occurs when the ball of the artificial joint comes out of its socket. This complication is more common in the early stages of recovery when tissues are still healing.
Prevention:
- Following postoperative movement restrictions (e.g., avoiding certain hip positions)
- Strengthening surrounding muscles through physical therapy
- Wearing a brace or sling as directed
Dislocations often require a visit to the emergency room for reduction, where the joint is put back into place. In some cases, additional surgery may be needed.
4. Nerve and Blood Vessel Damage
During joint replacement surgery, nerves and blood vessels surrounding the joint can be damaged. This can lead to numbness, weakness, or changes in sensation.
Symptoms:
- Tingling or numbness near the surgical site
- Loss of muscle control or strength
While minor nerve injuries often resolve on their own, more severe damage might require additional treatment or surgical repair.
7. Leg Length Discrepancy
This complication primarily occurs with hip replacement surgery. After surgery, patients may feel that one leg is longer or shorter than the other. This can lead to issues with balance and gait.
Causes:
- Changes in the alignment of the hip joint
- Muscle contractures
- Surgical technique
Prevention and Management:
- Careful surgical planning and technique
- Postoperative exercises and physical therapy to improve muscle balance
- Shoe inserts or orthotics may help in severe cases.
7. Allergic Reactions
Some patients may have an allergic reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis, such as nickel, cobalt, or chromium. This is rare but can cause pain and inflammation.
Symptoms:
- Persistent joint pain without an obvious cause
- Swelling or redness
8. Chronic Pain
While joint replacement surgeries are intended to relieve pain, some patients may continue to experience chronic pain after the procedure. This may be due to:
- Nerve damage
- Infection
- Prosthesis issues (e.g., loosening or malalignment)
- Inflammatory or autoimmune conditions
Conclusion
If you want to learn more about either the surgery itself or the rehabilitation process, there are many useful videos on YouTube. I have watched a number of videos about shoulder replacement and rehabilition and found them to be very informative. A word of caution though. Be sure the videos you choose were done either by an orthopedic surgeon or a licensed physical therapist. You don’t want the latest installment of Fred and Mary Jane’s all-purpose YouTube channel.
Whether it’s the knee, hip, or shoulder, these surgeries often provide a new lease on life, freeing patients from chronic pain they may have endured for years.
