Category: Medicine Page 7 of 8

Of course there will be medicine. I am The Grumpy Doc.

The Harmful Grip of Cigarette Smoking

On October 24, 2024

Addiction, Health Risks, and the Benefits of Quitting

Cigarette smoking remains one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. In the more than 65 years since the US Surgeon General first required health warnings to be placed on cigarette packs, significant progress has been made in reducing the rates of smoking. In 1965 about 45% of US adults were smokers and today fewer than 12% smoke on a regular basis. Youth smoking rates have also declined dramatically. In recent years fewer than 5% of high school students report smoking on a regular basis. In my high school class (1966) the smoking rate was probably closer to 30%. As encouraging as these numbers are, there is no acceptable rate of smoking, and I hope those of you who don’t smoke will pass this article on to family or friends who do.

The Power of Nicotine Addiction

Nicotine, the primary addictive substance in cigarettes, is remarkably potent. When inhaled, it travels to the brain within seconds, where it stimulates the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that creates a feeling of pleasure and relaxation. Over time, the brain rewires itself, craving nicotine to maintain these pleasurable effects, leading to dependency.

The addictive nature of nicotine makes quitting extremely difficult, as withdrawal symptoms, including irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and intense cravings, can deter many smokers from quitting. Nicotine also increases heart rate and blood pressure, contributing to the stress-relief paradox: although many smokers feel cigarettes help them relax, the substance actually exacerbates stress on the cardiovascular system.

Smoking can be tied to our daily routines. Some people have commonly have a cigarette with morning coffee or after meals. Other people reach for a cigarette when they’re on the telephone. Social settings and peer influence can make quitting difficult. Attending social gatherings where smoking is common can reignite cravings. A smoker who decides to quit can feel surrounded by the temptations to resume smoking.

There are a number of other factors also that make it difficult to quit smoking. There’s a lack of immediate health benefits noted. Improvements like better lung function, reduced cancer risk or long terms outcomes are not noted right away. Some smokers fear weight gain more than they fear the effects of smoking and will delay any attempts at cessation because of that. Some smokers also feel frustration because after a few days without a cigarette they think “I don’t feel any better, what’s the point?”

Health Risks: Nicotine and Smoke by-products

Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, many of which are toxic. Among these are tar, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and heavy metals like cadmium and lead. Some chemicals are carcinogens, contributing to the development of cancer, while others damage tissues and organs in less visible but no less harmful ways.

Cardiovascular disease: Smoking increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease. It contributes to the buildup of plaque in arteries, restricting blood flow and forcing the heart to work harder. Among smokers greater than age 40, more than 50% develop cardiovascular disease and they’re more than twice as likely to die from cardiovascular events compared to non-smokers.
Congestive heart failure: Nicotine triggers release of adrenaline which increases both heart rate and blood pressure, putting more strain on the heart. Carbon monoxide from cigarettes binds to hemoglobin reducing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Plaque buildup from coronary artery disease as well as myocardial fibrosis, scarring in the heart tissue, both lead to impaired cardiac function. Quitting smoking can significantly lower the risk of death from heart failure related complications.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Smoking damages the lungs, leading to chronic conditions such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Over time, lung capacity declines, making breathing progressively more difficult. Even with smoking cessation, lost lung function cannot be fully recovered. It is vitally important that anyone with pulmonary disease quit smoking as soon as possible.
Cancer: Tobacco use is responsible for roughly 80% of lung cancer cases. It is also linked to cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, and cervix, among others.
Diabetes: Smoking increases the risk of type 2 diabetes by around 30 to 40%. Smokers with diabetes are much more likely to experience complications such as heart disease and kidney failure.
Reproductive health issues: Smoking affects fertility in both men and women. Pregnant smokers are at higher risk for miscarriage, preterm delivery, and having low-birth-weight infants.

The Benefits of Quitting Smoking

It’s never too late to quit smoking, and the benefits begin almost immediately after quitting.

Within 20 minutes: Blood pressure and heart rate start to normalize.
Within 12 hours: Carbon monoxide levels in the blood drop to normal, improving oxygen flow.
Within weeks: Lung function improves, and circulation begins to return to normal.
Within months to a year: Coughing and shortness of breath decrease, and the risk of heart disease drops significantly.
Within five years: Stroke risk drops to that of a non-smoker, and the risk of certain cancers is cut in half.
After ten years or more: The risk of lung cancer is about half of what it would have been had the person continued to smoke.

The Deceptive Appeal of Vaping

Unfortunately, the rise of e-cigarettes, also known as vaping, has emerged as an alternative to smoking among many people. E-cigarettes deliver nicotine through vapor rather than smoke. While they eliminate some of the harmful byproducts like tar and carbon monoxide, vaping is not without risks. Some vaping products contain toxic materials not contained in tobacco. Especially custom or self-blended cartridges for vape pens that may have carcinogenic or otherwise harmful additives not readily obvious to the user. Unfortunately, many adolescents and young adults who have never smoked cigarettes have developed a nicotine addiction through e-cigarette use.

Conclusion

There is no safe level of use of tobacco or other forms of nicotine. Quitting smoking improves quality of life, reducing the frequency of respiratory infections and improving overall energy levels. For long-time smokers, the prospect of reversing years of damage may seem daunting, but research consistently shows that health outcomes improve at any point, even decades after quitting. If I could give my smoking patients only one piece of medical advice it would be: “Quit smoking and quit now”. And I know how hard it is. I quit smoking 53 years ago and for many years afterwards it remained a daily struggle. But eventually, with the help and support of my family I was able to get past my tobacco cravings.

Vaccinations for Older Adults

By John Turley

On October 14, 2024

In Medicine

What You Need to Know

As we age, our immune systems naturally weaken, making us more susceptible to infections and illness. For senior citizens, staying healthy can sometimes be a challenge, but one of the most effective ways to protect yourself is through vaccinations. In this article, we’ll explore the key vaccines that are especially important for older adults and discuss why staying up to date with them can have a significant impact on your health and quality of life.

Why Vaccines Matter for Seniors

Vaccines are not just for children. In fact, as we get older, some vaccines lose their effectiveness, and the risks of certain diseases increase. Conditions such as pneumonia, shingles, and flu can become more severe in older adults, leading to complications like hospitalization or even death.

Additionally, some seniors may have underlying health conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or chronic lung disease, which further increase the risks associated with preventable infections. Vaccinations help reduce these risks by boosting your immune system and offering protection against specific diseases.

Key Vaccines for Senior Citizens

Influenza (Flu) Vaccine: The flu is not just an inconvenience, it can be dangerous, particularly for people over 65. Every year, the flu leads to serious complications in seniors, including pneumonia. The CDC recommends that everyone 65 and older get a high-dose flu vaccine annually, as it is formulated to better stimulate the aging immune system. Even if the flu vaccine doesn’t entirely prevent infection, it often reduces the severity of the illness. Remember, the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918-1920 was one of the deadliest of all time with estimates of death ranging from 17 to 50 million with some estimates as high as 100 million.
Pneumococcal Vaccine: Pneumococcal diseases, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and bloodstream infections, are significant threats to older adults. The CDC recommends two types of pneumococcal vaccines for those 65 and older:
1. PCV20 or PPSV23: Typically given once, offering broad protection against the most common strains of pneumococcus. If you have never been vaccinated, the PCV20 is the main recommendation.
1. PPSV23: If PCV15 was given initially, a dose of PPSV23 should be given at least one year later. If you had the older PCV13 (but not PCV15), your physician may recommend the PCV20 for additional coverage. The combinations of pneumococcal vaccines can be confusing, so check with your physician.
Shingles Vaccine (Herpes Zoster): Shingles is caused by the reactivation of the chickenpox virus (varicella-zoster) and is more common and severe in older adults. The shingles vaccine, Shingrix, is recommended for adults over 50 and is given in two doses. Shingrix provides strong protection against shingles and its most serious complication, postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), a painful condition that can last for months or even years after the rash disappears.
Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap): Every adult should receive a Tdap booster, which protects against tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough (pertussis). For seniors, a Td booster is recommended every 10 years to maintain protection. Tetanus can enter the body through cuts or scrapes. Both pertussis, which is increasing in incidence, and diphtheria, which is extremely rare, can be serious, or fatal, for older adults.
COVID-19 Vaccines and Boosters: While the pandemic has become more manageable, COVID-19 still poses a threat, especially to older adults. COVID vaccines and boosters have significantly reduced severe illness and hospitalization. Unvaccinated patients are 2.5 times more likely to die from a COVID-19 infection than are the vaccinated. The discrepancy is even higher among older patients. The CDC continues to update its guidelines for boosters, so it’s important for seniors to stay current with recommendations, especially if they have underlying conditions.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine: RSV is a common virus that can cause severe respiratory illness in older adults. It is recommended for most adults beginning at age 60. Consideration should be given to vaccinating younger adults with chronic heart or lung disease, diabetes, or a weakened immune system due to cancer or chronic immunosuppressant medications.

The Benefits of Staying Up to Date

Vaccinations for seniors are about more than just preventing illness. They help reduce the severity of disease, prevent complications, and decrease the likelihood of hospitalization. Staying current with vaccines also has a community benefit. By protecting yourself, you help limit the spread of contagious diseases to more vulnerable populations, including those with weakened immune systems.

Talk to Your Healthcare Provider

As always, it’s essential to consult with your healthcare provider before getting vaccinated, especially if you have underlying health conditions. Your doctor can help you determine which vaccines are most appropriate for you based on your age, medical history, and lifestyle.

Conclusion

Vaccinations are a critical part of staying healthy as we age. By keeping your vaccines up to date, you not only protect yourself but also contribute to the overall health of your community. If you’re unsure about which vaccines you need, schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider to discuss a vaccination plan that will keep you protected for years to come. Remember: Prevention is the best medicine, and vaccines are a simple, safe, and effective way to reduce the risk of serious illness as we get older.

Understanding Vitamins, Supplements, Herbal Preparations, Patent Medicines, and Homeopathic Medications

By John Turley

On October 4, 2024

In Commentary, Medicine

What you should know.

The cost of prescription medications is almost constantly in the news. It has even become a topic of debate in the current presidential elections. Americans spend over $500 billion annually on prescription medications. This includes drugs covered by insurance, and out of pocket costs and specialty drugs for chronic conditions.

But this is not the only expense Americans have for drug related health care items. Almost $90 billion a year is spent on nonprescription preparations.

The shelves of pharmacies, health food stores and convenience stores are lined with a vast array of vitamins, supplements, patent medicines, herbal preparations, and homeopathic medications. They are also available from hundreds of online sources, both reputable and of questionable origin.

Many people turn to these products in the hope of improving their health, boosting their immune systems, or addressing specific ailments. However, the development, testing, approval processes, and regulation of these products can be confusing, even for the most educated consumer. We will delve into each of these classes of health products, exploring how they are developed, tested, and regulated, and highlighting some potential drawbacks of which you should be aware.

Vitamins and Dietary Supplements

Development and Testing

Vitamins and dietary supplements include a broad range of products such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutritional components. These products are typically developed through a combination of scientific research and commercial interest. Manufacturers may isolate nutrients from food sources or create them synthetically. Testing often involves ensuring that the products contain the stated ingredients in the correct amounts. However, unlike pharmaceuticals, these products are not usually subject to rigorous clinical trials to prove efficacy and safety before they are marketed.

Approval Process

In the United States, vitamins and dietary supplements are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. Under DSHEA, manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the safety and labeling of their products before they reach the market. However, the FDA does not approve dietary supplements before they are sold. Instead, the FDA can take action against any supplement that is found to be unsafe once it is on the market.

Drawbacks

One of the primary drawbacks of dietary supplements is the lack of pre-market approval, which means that the burden of proving safety is often on the consumer or the FDA post-market. This can lead to situations where unsafe or ineffective products remain on the market until sufficient adverse events are reported. Additionally, the quality of supplements can vary widely between manufacturers, and contamination with other substances is a known risk. Although, given the competitive nature of these products and the number of distributors, questionable products are usually forced out of the market early.

Herbal Preparations

Development and Testing

Herbal preparations include products made from plants or plant parts, used for their supposed medicinal or therapeutic properties. The development of these products is often rooted in traditional medicine practices, although modern herbal preparations may undergo some degree of scientific research. Testing for herbal preparations can vary widely; some are backed by clinical studies, while others rely on anecdotal evidence or traditional use.

Approval Process

The FDA considers herbal supplements as foods, not medicines. So, they are not subject to the same testing, manufacturing, and labeling standards and regulations as medicines.

This means they do not require pre-market approval by the FDA. However, in other parts of the world, such as Europe, herbal products may undergo more rigorous testing and regulation. All herbal products that display an intended use must be accompanied by a box warning stating: “These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnosis, treat, cure or prevent any disease.”

Drawbacks

The primary concerns with herbal preparations are the variability in potency and the potential for contamination or adulteration with other substances. Additionally, the lack of standardization in the preparation of herbal products can lead to inconsistent effects. Herbal supplements, unlike medicines, do not need to be standardized to make sure of batch-to-batch consistency. Some herbs can also interact with prescription medications, leading to adverse effects.

Homeopathic Medications

Development and Testing

Homeopathic medications are based on the principle of “like cures like,” where substances that cause symptoms in a healthy person are believed to cure similar symptoms in a sick person when taken in highly diluted forms. The development of homeopathic remedies typically involves diluting a substance repeatedly until little to no trace of the original substance remains.

While counterintuitive, homeopaths believe that a homeopathic medicine is more powerful the more times the active ingredients have been diluted. A 6X potency indicates that the drug has been diluted at a ratio of 1 to 10 for a total of six times. A C potency means the dilution ratio is 1 to 100. The higher the numeral, the lower the concentration of active ingredients in the medicine.

Testing in homeopathy is controversial, as traditional scientific methods, such as randomized controlled trials, often find no evidence that homeopathic remedies are more effective than a placebo. Some supporters claim that homeopathic remedies are developed for a specific patient making general testing irrelevant.

Approval Process

In the U.S., homeopathic medications are subject to regulation by the FDA under a different framework compared to dietary supplements. Historically, these products were allowed to be sold without pre-market approval as long as they were prepared according to the guidelines of the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States (HPUS) and the FDA’s Good Manufacturing Practices. All products are required to be clearly marked as “homeopathic”. In recent years, the FDA has increased scrutiny of homeopathic products, particularly those marketed for serious conditions, or containing potentially harmful ingredients, as well as those for eye conditions, and all homeopathic injectables.

Drawbacks

The major drawback of homeopathic medications is the lack of scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. Most scientific reviews and clinical trials have found that homeopathic remedies do not perform better than placebos. Moreover, because homeopathic products are so highly diluted, they are generally considered safe, but they may delay patients from seeking effective medical treatments for serious conditions.

Patent Medicines

History and Evolution

Patent medicines have a colorful history. They began in the 19th century and were popular into the early 20th century before evolving into the over-the-counter industry that we now know. This class includes many modern over the counter medications produced by reputable drugs companies and also medications of dubious quality and effectiveness produced in garages and basements.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, medicine wagons and medicine shows became popular vehicles for the promotion and sale of patent medicines. These traveling shows often combined entertainment with health claims, featuring acts such as music, magic tricks, and even wild west performances. At the center of the spectacle, a charismatic “doctor” or salesman would tout the benefits of their patent medicine—a proprietary formula claimed to cure a wide range of ailments.

Patent medicines of this era were largely unregulated, and their ingredients were often a secret. Some contained alcohol, opium, or other stimulants, which provided temporary relief or a placebo effect. Because there were few laws governing their production and sale, these concoctions could be marketed without scientific proof of their efficacy or safety.

Medicine shows traveled to rural and urban areas alike, attracting customers who had little access to conventional medicine, particularly those in remote regions. Unfortunately, these products were often ineffective or even dangerous. The rise of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which required the labeling of ingredients and restricted misleading claims, signaled the decline of these shows and the broader patent medicine industry.

A few of the original patent medicines stayed on the market until the late 20th century. The most famous of these was Carter’s Little Liver Pills which was touted for curing headaches, constipation, dyspepsia and biliousness. Lydia Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound which was sold for “female complaints “, is still on the market though it has been significantly reformulated. A number of medications on the market now could be considered as the descendants of early patent medicines, perhaps the best known of these is Geritol

Approval Process

Modern patent medicines fall into the category of over the counter (OTC) drugs. Preparation of these medicines must either follow a monograph established by the FDA (essentially a recipe book) or undergo New Drug Application (NDA) process. All patent medicines must comply with strict labeling standards and include accurate ingredient lists, dosage instructions, and warnings. Any health claims must be supported by scientific evidence.

Drawbacks

There are several drawbacks to over the counter (patent) medications. There’s a significant risk that people may intentionally take more than the recommended doses. This is particularly dangerous with some medications such as Tylenol which can lead to liver damage. People may use medications for a longer than the recommended period. They may also be used in an attempt to treat conditions for which they are not intended. They may mask symptoms of a more serious condition leading to a delay in seeking appropriate medical care.

Conclusion

Vitamins, supplements, herbal preparations, patent medicines and homeopathic medications each occupy a unique space in the health and wellness industry. While they offer consumers more choices in managing their health, the differences in how these products are developed, tested, and regulated are significant. As a consumer, it’s essential to be informed about these differences to make safe and effective choices.

I’d like to thank my friend Steve Kaplan, a Registered Pharmacist, who is also my coauthor for this post.

A Simple Guide to Understanding Common Blood Tests

By John Turley

On September 21, 2024

In Medicine

Introduction

Blood tests are a common part of both health maintenance and diagnostic visits. Doctors order blood tests to assess and monitor various aspects of a patient’s health. Blood tests can help detect illnesses, confirm a diagnosis, or monitor ongoing health conditions. For example, a complete blood count (CBC) checks for conditions like anemia or infection, while a lipid panel measures cholesterol levels to aid in assessing heart disease risk. Blood tests can also monitor organ function, such as the liver and kidneys, ensuring they are working properly. They are used to track how well treatments, like medications, are working, or to detect side effects that might not be immediately apparent. Additionally, blood tests provide crucial information about electrolyte levels, hormone balances, and metabolic activity, helping doctors make informed treatment decisions. Overall, these tests give doctors a detailed look at the body’s internal functions, often identifying potential issues before they become more serious or even apparent.

Understanding Normal Ranges

Before discussing the individual tests, let’s look at how you should go about understanding the results that are being presented. Blood tests are reported quantitatively, that is the results are shown as numbers. Along with the value for your individual test you will find the reference range. This is the range of normal values from low to high established by the lab. It can vary slightly from lab to lab. Values from one lab are not always directly comparable to those of another. Individual labs may also change their reference range from time to time.

How are these normal ranges established? They are established through population studies that consider large samples of healthy individuals and look at factors like sex, age and ethnicity. The standard normal values are developed using a bell-shaped curve. “Normal” is usually defined as those test results that fall within two standard deviations of the mean, that includes about 95% of all results. This leaves about 5% of the normal healthy population with test results that will be slightly outside the normal range presented. That’s why it’s important to discuss your individual results with your doctor to get a better understanding of where you fit in the normal range and whether a minimally abnormal result is of true clinical significance.

Commonly ordered blood tests

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A CBC measures the different components of your blood, which includes:

Red Blood Cells (RBCs): These carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Low levels could indicate anemia. There are also several conditions that can cause elevated levels.
White Blood Cells (WBCs): These help fight infections. If they’re too high, it might mean an infection, inflammation, or other conditions such as leukemia.
Hemoglobin: This is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Low hemoglobin often points to anemia which can be caused by several underlying problems.
Hematocrit: This is the percentage of red blood cells in your blood. It helps to diagnose anemia or dehydration.
Platelets: These help your blood clot. Abnormal levels can lead to excessive bleeding if levels are low or excessive clotting problems if levels are high.

Why it’s important: CBC is a key test to diagnose infections, anemia, or clotting issues.

2. Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)

A CMP checks the body’s metabolism and organ function. It includes:

Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, and chloride are vital for nerve and muscle function. Abnormalities can cause weakness or heart arrhythmias.
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Creatinine: These measure kidney function. High levels may indicate kidney disease.
Glucose: Blood sugar levels; important for diagnosing diabetes.
Liver Enzymes (ALT, AST): Elevated levels can indicate liver damage.
Albumin: A protein made by the liver; low levels may be associated with liver or kidney disease or other metabolic disorders.

Why it’s important: The CMP gives a broad view of how your liver, kidneys, and metabolism are functioning.

3. Thyroid Panel

The thyroid panel includes:

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Signals the thyroid to produce hormones. High TSH often means low thyroid activity (hypothyroidism), while low TSH can indicate overactivity (hyperthyroidism).
T3 and T4: These hormones regulate metabolism. Abnormal levels can affect energy, weight, and mood.

Why it’s important: Thyroid issues can cause fatigue, weight changes, and mood disturbances; this panel helps evaluate the cause of those conditions.

4. Hemoglobin A1C

This test measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. It’s used to:

Diagnose diabetes: An A1C of 6.5% or higher from most reference labs indicates diabetes.
Monitor diabetes: For people with diabetes, it helps gauge how well blood sugar is being controlled.

Why it’s important: A1C is crucial for diagnosing and managing diabetes, as it provides a long-term view of blood sugar control. A1C will be discussed in more detail in a future article on diabetes.

5. Vitamin D Levels

Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphate, which are important for bone health. Low levels are common and can lead to:

Bone weakness: This can cause conditions like osteoporosis.
Fatigue and muscle pain.

Why it’s important: Many people are deficient in vitamin D, and low levels can increase the risk of bone fractures and other health issues.

6. Vitamin B12 Levels

Vitamin B12 is essential for nerve function and producing red blood cells. A deficiency can cause:

Fatigue and weakness: Low B12 can lead to anemia.
Nerve damage: Tingling, numbness, or memory problems may occur with long-term deficiency.

Why it’s important: Identifying B12 deficiency is key, especially in older adults, as it can prevent neurological and cognitive problems.

7. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)

PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland. High levels of PSA can indicate:

Prostate cancer.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): An enlarged prostate, which is common as men age.
Prostatitis: Inflammation or infection of the prostate.

Why it’s important: PSA is used primarily for early detection of prostate cancer, especially in men over 50. PSA will be discussed further in a future article on prostate cancer.

8. Cholesterol Panel (Lipid Panel)

This test measures fats in the blood, including:

Total Cholesterol: High levels indicate increased risk of heart disease.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): Often called “bad” cholesterol, high LDL can lead to plaque buildup in arteries.
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): Known as “good” cholesterol, HDL helps remove LDL from the arteries.
Triglycerides: Another type of fat that, when elevated, raises the risk of heart disease.

Why it’s important: Monitoring cholesterol is crucial for heart health, as high cholesterol is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.

Significance of Abnormal Results

Abnormal test results don’t always mean something immediately serious, but they can be early warning signs. For example:

High glucose or A1C: Could indicate diabetes or prediabetes.
Low red blood cells or hemoglobin: Suggests anemia, possibly from iron deficiency or chronic disease.
High liver enzymes: May indicate liver inflammation or damage, possibly from alcohol use or infections like hepatitis or overuse of medications such as acetaminophen.
High PSA: Could be a sign of prostate cancer, but it could also result from less serious conditions like an enlarged prostate or a prostate infection.

Review your blood tests with your doctor. The better you understand your individual results, the better you can participate in your own health management. This knowledge can be empowering when choosing the health care plan that is best for you.

The Grumpy Doc says see your doctor and ask questions. Your doctor should never be offended by questions; they will be glad you are taking an active interet in your health care. Take a written list of your concerns with you so you don’t forget what you wanted to ask. Even The Grumpy Doc occasionally forgets things (as difficult as that may be to believe).

Dr. Google Will See You Now (Revised)

By John Turley

On September 3, 2024

In Commentary, Medicine

There are few words that cause more trepidation among doctors than having a patient start off a visit by saying, “I was reading on the internet”. It’s not that we don’t want our patients to be well informed; a knowledgeable patient is an important part of successful health care. It is what we call the therapeutic alliance.

What we worry about is what they may have been reading on the Internet. There is a lot of good information available, and I always encourage my patients to learn as much as they can about their own health issues. There are many professionally researched and peer reviewed medical websites. They include such commercial sites as Medscape and WebMD. They also include patient advocacy sites such as the American Diabetes Association and the American Heart Association. And, of course, there are the government sites such as the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institutes of Health. All these present the best available science and benefit from rigorous research and review.

That is not to say that they won’t change. Science evolves and knowledge improves. What is our best knowledge now may at some point in the future be proven wrong. However, your best chance of getting solid information is on these well documented sites.

What I worry about are the undocumented or unverified websites that provide what can best be called rumor or conspiracy. Any time a patient tells me,” I was reading on the Facebook page “The Truth About….,” I cringe. Any Facebook page entitled “The Truth About…” is unlikely to contain much truth.

False information takes on a life of its own on the internet. The big lie almost always buries the truth. Long after the article that was the basis for a false claim linking the MMR vaccine with autism was withdrawn by the British medical journal The Lancet, and long after the physician who wrote the article was found by the British General Medical Council to have falsified the data and long after he lost his medical license, the study is still quoted by many anti-vaccine people as being a fundamental truth.

Even when the authors of such false information repudiate it, people still believe it. It becomes part of the legend that “they” forced the author to remove it. No one ever explains who “they” are or why “they” want to keep the public in ignorance. Of course, there is never any source documentation or research reference.

The websites espousing false medical information may be second in number only to those espousing false political information. At times it seems that the more outlandish the claim the more readily their adherents will believe it. It doesn’t even seem to matter that this type of information is frequently published anonymously. You would think the readers would wonder why a person in possession of such great knowledge would refuse to take credit for it. They will frequently require you to make a purchase or enter a credit card number before you’re allowed in on the secret. Clear references from reliable sources are almost always absent. If they do refer to reliable sources, check and make sure their claims are actually backed up on the site they reference.

How do you evaluate reliable medical websites? First, they should have clear authorship; the site should identify the author(s) and their credentials. There should be frequent updates. Health information should be current. You should look for a publication or review date. There should be clear citations as reliable sites will provide references for their information. The site should be objective in tone; the content should be balanced and should not be focused on selling you something. And finally, reputable sites will have clear privacy policies on how they handle user data.

In summary, I want all my patients to be well informed and take an active interest in their health care. I encourage you to Google any medical questions you have. Just be sure that what you are reading is accurate and verified and scientifically based. Are the authors, their qualifications, and their affiliations clearly identified? Are reliable references cited? Has the article been peer reviewed by experts in the field? Is the article little more than a cleverly prepared sales pitch? Don’t allow conspiracy theories and “crackpot science” to have a detrimental effect on your health.

If in doubt, ask your doctor. If you don’t trust your doctor to give you factual information and prefer to consult with anonymous pseudo medical websites, then perhaps it’s time to find a new doctor. But please, think twice before disregarding the advice of someone whose entire professional life is dedicated to your good health.

Understanding Medical Care Guidelines

By John Turley

On August 7, 2024

In Commentary, Medicine

An important discussion to have with your physician.

Trivia question: What are medical guidelines? Are they rules we must follow or are they simply suggestions or are they something in between?

As we get older and have more frequent visits to the doctor, we are bound to hear one of them say, “according to the guidelines”. To understand how the guidelines apply to you, it is important to know how and why they are developed. You also need to know if there are ever times when you shouldn’t follow them.

At the end of this article, I’ll tell you about my experience with one specific guideline, and how strictly following it possibly could have led to a bad outcome for me. But first, let’s learn a little more about medical guidelines.

Medical care guidelines, also called clinical guidelines, come in two general classes. There are guidelines for preventative care and guidelines for the management of disease processes.

Guidelines have several goals. They are intended to improve public health by recommending evidence-based preventive and treatment measures to help reduce the incidence and severity of disease and improve overall public wellbeing. They’re designed to optimize resource utilization by preventing unnecessary treatment and screening tests. They are also intended to reduce health care disparities by ensuring that all recommended treatments are widely available and are based on the most up-to-date evidence so that health care across the nation is at a uniformly high level of quality.

Sources of Guidelines

Preventative care guidelines have to do with such things as cancer screening, cardiovascular health, vaccinations and immunizations, and lifestyle improvement such as diet and exercise recommendations. Disease management guidelines are developed to ensure the best possible treatment for diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and pulmonary disease.

Guidelines are developed by physician groups such as the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Pediatrics. They are also developed by advocacy groups such as the American Cancer Society and the American Diabetes Association. Government organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health also develop and promulgate medical care guidelines.

The United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent panel of experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine. They issue recommendations on a wide range of preventive services including screenings, counseling and preventative medications. The USPSTF rates medical care recommendations from Grade A, those with a high certainty of substantial benefits, all the way to Grade D, those services that are not recommended due to having no benefit or having harm that outweighs benefits. Their recommendations can be viewed at www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org.

Preventative care guidelines

Preventive care guidelines are designed to help identify and mitigate potential health issues before they become significant problems. They help to ensure adequate screening for significant disease processes. They are also designed to help avoid unnecessary screening which may lead to unnecessary treatment and cost.

Preventative care guidelines include such things as mammogram recommendations, colonoscopy recommendations, blood pressure and cholesterol screening, and prostate cancer screening. Preventative care guidelines also include recommendations for vaccinations both for children and adults. Recommendations on diet and the use of vitamins and supplements are one area where the guidelines seem to change frequently.

Treatment guidelines

Treatment guidelines provide a roadmap for managing specific medical conditions. These recommendations encompass diagnostic procedures, therapeutic interventions, and follow-up care to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Treatment guidelines include recommendations for such things as initiation of blood pressure management and diabetes management. They provide recommendations for diagnostic modalities and specific medications and dosages.

For example, treatment guidelines include blood pressure levels at which medication should be started, the goal of treatment and specific medication, depending on what other medical conditions the patient may have. Similarly, there are blood glucose management recommendations for diabetics that are tailored to specific patient populations. The use of bronchodilators and pulmonary rehabilitation and oxygen therapy for lung diseases are also the subject of a series of guidelines. Treatment guidelines continually evolve as new medications are developed and our understanding of disease processes improves.

Understanding the variability in guidelines.

While the guidelines developed by the various organizations share a common goal of improving patient care, their methodologies and focus areas can differ, reflecting diverse perspectives and priorities within the medical community. There’s not a single set of guidelines that are fixed across all specialties. While the various guidelines are generally in agreement, some may have slightly different recommendations for such things as the onset and aggressiveness in treating hypertension or diabetes. There may be variations in the guidelines for diagnostic testing such as mammograms or colonoscopies. For example, the USPSTF recommends biennial mammograms for women aged 50 to 74, whereas the American College of Surgeons advises annual mammograms starting at age 45 and transitioning to biennial screening at 55. The discrepancy lies in differing interpretations of the balance between benefits and harms of more frequent screenings.

Some guidelines may also become outdated, not reflecting new medications or new treatment plans. Even where there are variations, all guidelines strive to be evidence based, patient centered, and up to date.

Additionally, guidelines need to be individualized to meet the needs of each patient. The overall guidelines are based on the most effective health care for the population as a whole. Some patients may require specialized screening or treatment. For example, women who have a family history of early onset of breast cancer or of genetic mutations may require screening at an earlier age or more frequent screening. Men with a family history of prostate cancer at a young age or of a particularly aggressive prostate cancer may require earlier screening including biopsies or may need screening beyond the age that general guidelines recommend screening is no longer necessary.

My Experience

Several years ago, I received a diagnosis no one wants to hear. Cancer! Prostate cancer to be specific. Thanks to two skilled urologists, I’ve been cancer free for five years.

But it might not have had a happy ending. Please indulge me and let me tell you my story. I think it will be worth your time.

It starts with the PSA, the prostate specific antigen. This is something every man over 40 should know about and every man over 50 should consider getting checked.

So, what is the PSA? It is a protein that is produced by both cancerous and normal cells of the prostate gland. It can be elevated by prostate cancer but it can also be elevated by prostatitis (an infection of the prostate) or an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy). It is checked through a simple blood test your family doctor can order as part of your annual work up.

What are the recommendations for the PSA? The USPSTF has the following three recommendations: (1) consideration of annual screening for men aged 55 to 69 with no family history of prostate cancer; this should be a shared, informed decision between the patient and his physician; (2) for men who have a significant family history of prostate cancer consideration should be given to screening beginning at age 40; (3) for men over 70 years old they recommend against screening for prostate cancer. Please note the phrase “consideration of screening”. This is not a firm recommendation.

A PSA test can have false positives that may lead to unnecessary biopsies or surgery. Only about 25% of men who have a prostate biopsy are found to have cancer. Although, it is important to recognize that a prostate biopsy does not test the entire gland. It takes samples from several areas of the prostate. It is possible, though unusual, that a cancer could be missed in the biopsy process

Additionally, most prostate cancer is very slow growing. Most men who have prostate cancer later in life will generally die of something else before they would die of prostate cancer. However, a small percentage of men will have a high-grade prostate cancer that can progress rapidly and cause their death.

I’m going to use my personal experience as a way of explaining why it is important to have a discussion with your physician about guidelines. The week before my 70th birthday I went in to get my annual physical. In our clinic we have a “birthday panel”, a set of blood tests that we draw for people annually for their physical exam. I had not planned to have my PSA checked since it was not recommended by either the USPSTF or the American Academy of Family Physicians for 70-year-olds. However, it had slipped my mind that a PSA was part of our “birthday panel”.

My PSA came back slightly elevated. Since it was a very minor elevation, I followed the guidelines and waited six months and repeated it. At that time, it increased only a small amount. The guidelines suggested repeating it again in six months. I have to admit though, I have never been a wait-and-see kind of guy. I scheduled an appointment with a urologist.

The urologist and I discussed the options. He told me that the elevation was slight, and we could wait and repeat it in 6 months or if I wished we could do a biopsy. I decided on a biopsy and then after receiving the biopsy results and having further discussions, I eventually decided on surgery. It was my decision, as it should be, made in consultation with my physician and my family.

The post-operative pathology report said that there was a high-grade carcinoma that apparently had been missed by the biopsy. It had extended beyond the capsule of the prostate. Fortunately for me it had not metastasized and had not spread to the lymph nodes, nor had it extended beyond the fat layer surrounding the prostate. Had I followed the guidelines and waited another year or even six months for a repeat biopsy, it is possible that the outcome may have been different.

What’s the bottom line?

Does my experience mean that the guidelines should be ignored? Far from it, I made an informed decision, in conjunction with my physician, on what was best for me. Additionally, I have followed the guidelines in the management of my hypertension and high cholesterol.

Healthcare guidelines are essential in promoting preventive care and effective treatment and in helping clinicians provide high-quality, evidence-based care. But the guidelines are just that, guidelines they are not “set in stone” rules for healthcare. It’s important for you to discuss your health care with your physician. Be an informed health care consumer. Ask how the guidelines are being used to manage your health care and how they may be affected by your family history or personal history. You and your physician should be involved in joint decision making. Your individual plan will generally follow the guidelines while having some variation based on what is the best care for you. And that’s what the guidelines are all about, making sure we are able to provide the best possible health care for all of our citizens.

Stand Strong: Protect Yourself From Falls

By John Turley

On May 11, 2024

In Commentary, Medicine

Not too long ago I decided to spend my lunch break from the clinic by taking a walk around downtown. It was a beautiful day. It was warm, the sun was shining, and the sky was bright blue. I just started my walk when I thought I heard tires squealing behind me. I looked over my shoulder and as soon as I did, I felt my foot catch on a piece of broken concrete, and I went down hard. Fortunately, I fell right in front of my office and even more fortunately I work for the ambulance authority. Within minutes I was surrounded by paramedics and a nurse practitioner who made sure I was well taken care of. My CELLULAR watch also helped save the day. I’ll talk more about my experience later in this post but now I’d like to talk about falling in general.

Those of us of a certain age have gotten used to having every visit to any type of medical appointment include the question: “Have you fallen recently?” Even though I know the reason for this, it still annoys me. They always assume older folks are going to fall. (I think I’ve told you before, I preferred to use the term older folks or even old geezers for that matter but, I refused to be labeled as elderly.)

It’s been estimated that over 25% of older adults fall each year but probably less than half of those will report the incident to their health care provider. Once you’ve fallen your risk doubles that you will fall again. As we advance in age, falls become the leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal injuries.

Chronic medical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease can increase our risk of falling by affecting our blood pressure and causing dizziness. Some of the medications we take can have the same side effects. Also, older folks are less likely to eat or drink adequately leaving them more susceptible to dehydration and fainting. If these things are happening to you, it’s important to let your doctor know so together you come up with a plan to protect yourself.

Environmental factors also play a critical role in falls. Common hazards include loose rugs, wet floors, uneven surfaces, curbs, icy sidewalks, and dropped objects. As I found out, what would have been a simple stumble with a quick recovery when I was younger became a hard fall.

So why is that? As we age arthritis can cause stiffness in our joints which slows our reaction time. Loss of muscle mass and with it decreased core strength make it harder for us to maintain and regain our balance. Changing eyesight makes it difficult to tell where objects are in relationship to one another. As we get older, we tend to shuffle or drag our feet when we walk making us more susceptible to the uneven surfaces. I know that’s one of my major problems.

There are many resources people can use to reduce their risk of falling. I’m sure you all know about them: strength exercises, flexibility and balance classes, and regular stretching can be very helpful. There are many websites that tell you how to fall-proof your home and workspace. And of course, everyone should get a regular checkup to make sure that they don’t have undiagnosed health problems.

Now, I want to tell you about the one thing that I thought was very important for me in my fall. I’ve always been a gadget guy. A few years ago, I decided to get an Apple Watch. I like the idea of being able to get a weather report, check my e-mail, check my texts, check my calendar, and answer the phone all from my wrist. And, because I am a gadget guy, I got the one with cellular capability. I never really expected to make use of it, I just thought it seemed neat.

As competitive as the smart watch market is, I’m sure they all have similar capabilities. I’m not an expert on any of the others, but I do know about the Apple Watch, and I’d like to tell you about it. The watch comes with a fall alert and SOS system. If you fall like I did, you immediately get a notice on your phone that says it looks like you’ve had a hard fall, to which you can either respond “yes send help”, or “no I’m fine”. If you respond yes, it sends your GPS coordinates to 911. If you respond no, it asks if you’re sure, to which you again respond that you are sure and then that’s the end of it. If you do not respond at all or the watch detects you aren’t moving, it waits a few seconds and then sends your GPS coordinates to 911. I know a lot of people are concerned about technology tracking them. Well, I’m glad it does.

And now back to being a gadget guy. This is where the cellular option paid off for me. The SOS fall protection system only works when your phone and watch are in range of one another. You can only make calls from your watch when they were in range as well. Unless, you have a cellular capable watch which works independently.

I know most people think they won’t go anywhere with their watch without their phone. Well, that’s what I thought. But that day, I inadvertently left my phone on my desk. And when I fell, I couldn’t get up. I told my watch not to send my information to 911 because I was right in front of the ambulance authority. I called into the office and very quickly had all the help I could ever want. But if I had not had a cellular capable watch I would either have had to crawl into the office or lay there on the sidewalk until somebody stopped to help me. Which someone did almost immediately. So, there are Good Samaritans in Charleston.

So, my bottom-line recommendation to you is to get a smart watch, whatever type you prefer, and make sure it has cellular capability. Don’t do anything including housework, yard work, or even taking a walk at lunch that may have any risk of a fall without having your smart watch with you. As I found out, the risk of falling is greater than you think. I wish I were getting compensation for pitching this technology.

The Triumph of Ignorance

By John Turley

On April 30, 2024

In Commentary, Medicine

“There are two ways to be fooled. One is to believe what is not true; the other is to refuse to believe what is true.” – Søren Kierkegaard

Saturday morning, I was reading in the newspaper about the resurgence of measles in West Virginia. I find it appalling that this disease should be returning, given that we have safe and effective vaccinations. What is next, polio, smallpox, or even plague? It is only through the unexpected veto by our governor that the ill-advised bill passed by our legislature to make all vaccinations virtually optional did not become law.

Some people may wonder why vaccinations are important. There are two principal reasons to ensure that a large portion of the population is vaccinated against communicable diseases. The first is that it reduces the individual vulnerability to disease. The person who is vaccinated is protected. But there is also a second, sometimes not well-understood, reason. That is herd immunity.

Communicable diseases require a large susceptible population to spread. When a significant portion of the population has been vaccinated the disease does not have the core of potential victims to allow spreading. This means that the vaccinated are protecting the non-vaccinated. However, it does require a large portion of the population to be vaccinated. The idea is that herd immunity will protect those who are unable to be vaccinated either due to age, allergies, or other medical conditions that would prohibit vaccination. Herd immunity is never going to protect a large proportion of the population who just choose not to be vaccinated. For example, about 90 -95% of the population needs to be vaccinated against measles to provide herd immunity.

So why do people who otherwise can be vaccinated choose not to be?

There are, of course, those who have true religious objections to vaccination. These people have long standing, deeply held convictions. Their opinions derive from study, prayer and reflection based on the tenants of their faith. They did not have a sudden anti-vaccine epiphany after listening to the poorly informed rantings of a demagogic politician.

There are many who mistrust the medical system. There were some cases in the past where unethical studies were conducted on unsuspecting populations. Given the rigorous oversight of medical research now, this no longer happens. Information about research into vaccinations and their safety and efficacy can be found on websites for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization among others. (Website references are provided at the end of this post.)

There are others who object to vaccination on the basis of personal autonomy. They believe their right to refuse vaccination outweighs any consideration of the health concerns of the frail members of our community. This is certainly not reflective of the spirit of charity towards all that I was raised with.

What concerns me most are those who refuse to believe reputable medical authorities, government agencies, and mainline news services. They prefer to get their information from anonymous websites or from conspiracy theory websites that still give credence to such sources as the now-discredited 1999 study linking the MMR vaccine to autism. They completely ignore the fact that 10 of the 11 reported co-authors disavowed any part in the published conclusions. They also ignore the fact that the principal author was found guilty of fraud for personal gain as he was employed by the manufacturer of rival drugs. They also ignore the fact that he lost his medical license over his falsifications in this study. Yet, he is still cited in anti-vaccine literature as an expert source.

Equally disturbing is the fact that vaccine resistance has become a part of political identification. Certain reactionary political groups have, for some unfathomable reason, decided that refusing vaccination is a badge of their political allegiance. They seem to care more about maintaining their political purity than they care about science, public health, or even the welfare of their family and friends. Politicizing public health is dangerous for all of us. I’m not sure how we overcome this. It is easy to find the truth and verify it through fact-based studies, yet people refuse to do it.

I encourage everyone to work hard to ensure that our political leaders do not remove vaccination mandates for school children. For those of us of my age, we already have immunity through vaccination or prior exposure to the disease. It is our grandchildren and their children and their children’s children who will suffer through the return of these deadly diseases.

SOURCES:
World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-and-immunization#tab=tab_1

CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/index.html

WV DHHR: https://oeps.wv.gov/immunizations/Pages/default.aspx
Immunise.org: https://www.vaccineinformation.org/

I Couldn’t Sleep At All Last Night -Bobby Lewis, Tossin’ and Turnin’

By John Turley

On October 1, 2023

In Medicine

Sleep Part 2

Several different processes fall into the broad category of sleep disorder. But first, we should understand a few things about what constitutes a sleep disorder.

Not everyone requires the same amount of sleep; children and adolescents require more sleep than adults. Once we reach adulthood, our individual need for sleep usually becomes fairly consistent for the remainder of our lives. However, the amount of sleep needed varies from person to person.
A common misconception is that we require less sleep as we age. It is true that older adults frequently get less sleep but it’s not necessarily because we require less. Admittedly there is some controversy among sleep specialists, but we shouldn’t dismiss the concerns of older people because we don’t think they need as much sleep as they used to.

To diagnosed as a sleep disorder, it must be a relatively long-term process. An occasional night of sleeplessness does not constitute a sleep disorder; there must be some impact on the waking hours. For example, a person who only sleeps 5 to 6 hours a night but never has any daytime sleepiness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, or completing tasks probably does not have a sleep disorder. Another person who gets 7 to 8 hours of sleep a night but feels drowsy, is unable to concentrate on tasks and drifts off to sleep midafternoon may have a sleep disorder.

A sleep disorder is never diagnosed by the time spent in bed. It is diagnosed based on how a lack of sleep impacts daily life and ability to function at the desired level. It’s very common for people to overestimate the amount of time they are awake at night. A sleep disorder is something that requires careful investigation. It is important to contact your doctor for a definitive diagnosis.

If there is another reason for sleeplessness, then a sleep disorder diagnosis should not be made. Common causes of sleep disturbance are pain and environmental factors such as noise, bright lights, and temperature extremes. Rotating shift work is another common cause.

It is important to determine if the person reporting sleep problems has adequate opportunity to sleep. Family demands or work requirements may often limit the ability to get sufficient sleep. Additionally, some older men make frequent trips to the bathroom during the night, but this doesn’t necessarily constitute a sleep disorder.

To diagnose a sleep disorder, the patient must have had the opportunity for adequate sleep but is still suffering from the symptoms of sleep deprivation. The first step in evaluating a sleep disturbance is to identify and eliminate as many external factors as possible.

Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is perhaps the best known sleep disorder. There are two types of sleep apnea, the fairly common obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea. Central sleep apnea is extremely rare and well beyond what we’re talking about here.

Most OSA patients complain of daytime sleepiness. A patient’s bed partner may report loud snoring, gasping, or snorting, or the patient seeming to stop breathing while asleep. Not everyone who snores has OSA. While about 80 to 90% of people who have OSA snore, fewer than 50% of snorers have OSA.
If you are concerned that you may have OSA, talk to your doctor. It’s not something that can be diagnosed by you at home. Diagnosis requires a formal assessment.

Sleep apnea is treatable with the infamous CPAP machine. It isn’t generally considered to be curable although some people who have lost a significant amount of weight have been able to wean themselves from the CPAP machine.

Insomnia

Insomnia is one of those catchall medical terms that covers a variety of clinical situations. The broad definition of insomnia is difficulty sleeping. But that includes many causes, both those understood and those not well understood.

During a sleep assessment, it’s important to determine if it is chronic insomnia. That is a pattern of difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep that occurs at least three nights a week and lasts for at least three months. But that’s only the beginning, there are many unrelated factors that can cause chronic insomnia and there are also different types of insomnia that may be unrelated to any other factors.

Onset insomnia is difficulty falling asleep. The patient may be awake for very long periods, but once they fall asleep, they’re usually able to sleep for several hours. Unfortunately, they are usually awakened by the alarm clock before they have experienced adequate restorative sleep.

The other broad category is maintenance insomnia, the difficulty staying asleep. These patients often wake up in the middle of the night and are unable to return to sleep for several hours. Frequently they report falling back asleep just before the alarm goes off.

Some people have mixed insomnia. Sometimes they will have difficulty falling asleep and at others, staying asleep. Occasionally, they will suffer from both types on the same night, making for a very long night indeed.
Both types of insomnia can have similar underlying causes. Some of them fit in the broad category of comorbid insomnia, whether it’s a medical, psychiatric, or other problem. This can include depression, anxiety, or somatic disorders such as restless leg or chronic pain. Medical disorders include pulmonary disease, diabetes, and congestive heart failure. Treatment of the underlying medical condition is the key to dealing with these types of sleep disorders.

In a self-fulfilling cycle, some people suffer from insomnia because they worry about their inability to sleep.

Another type of sleep disturbance frequently included in the category of insomnia is disruption of the circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm is the body’s internal clock. It is generally a 24-hour cycle that follows the light-dark cycle of the day. Major circadian disruptions include jet lag and intermittent shift work. The use of LED screens such as televisions, computers, and E readers exposes us to a large amount of blue light which may confuse our body’s circadian rhythm into thinking it is a daylight period. The many effects of disrupting the circadian rhythm are beyond the scope of this post, but if your circadian rhythm is interrupted it can affect your sleep, at least in the short term.

In Part 3 we will look at those things that may help you sleep.

A quote to end this post:
“I’ve always envied people who sleep easily. Their brains must be cleaner, the floorboards of the skull well swept, all the little monsters closed up in a steamer trunk at the foot of the bed.” – David Benioff, author, and TV producer

To Sleep, Perchance to Dream -Wm. Shakespeare, Hamlet

By John Turley

On September 2, 2023

In Commentary, Medicine

Sleep – Part I

The other night, about 3:00 AM I was lying in bed wide awake thinking about…. sleep. It’s natural to think about sleep when you’re having trouble doing it. I’ve had intermittent insomnia for my entire adult life. Sometimes I’ll go several days with not much more than two or three hours of sleep a night and then I’ll go several days where I can sleep six, seven or eight hours. I’m not sure what causes insomnia at one time but not another.

I’ve spent a lot of time thinking about sleep. Mostly, I think about why I can’t sleep and what I can do to get to sleep. I’ve read a lot about specific tips and techniques to improve sleep. I’ve tried many of the so-called “sleep hygiene” regimens. I’ve tried herbal preparations and prescription sleep medications. Lately I’ve been using a sleep mask with some positive results. I’m easily awakened, and it has helped with that.

But, with one of those middle of the night revelations, I realized that in all my years of thinking about sleep I’ve never really thought about what sleep is and why we need to do it. So, I’m going to embark on a three-part post about sleep. This is Part 1; it’s a look at what sleep is and why we do it. In Part 2 we’ll look at why we can’t sleep and the various things that cause us to lose sleep. Part 3 will be a survey of the many things available that may or may not help us to get that good night’s sleep.

What Is Sleep?

We will spend anywhere from 25 to 30% of our lives asleep so we really ought to have a better understanding of exactly what it is.
Merriam-Webster defines sleep as: The natural, easily reversible periodic state of many living things that is marked by the absence of wakefulness and by the loss of consciousness of one’s surroundings, is accompanied by a typical body posture (such as lying down with the eyes closed), the occurrence of dreaming, and changes in brain activity and physiological functioning….

As with many dictionary definitions my first response is “What?” So, let’s see if I can come up with something that’s a little more than a physical description of someone laying on the couch asleep.

Our bodies crave sleep just like they crave food. The major difference is your body can’t force you to eat but it can force you to sleep.

The reasons why we sleep and what happens during sleep are not completely understood. People used to believe that sleep was a passive activity when the brain and the body were dormant. But, according to sleep specialist and neurologist Dr. Mark Wu, MD “… it turns out that sleep is a period during which the brain is engaged in a number of activities necessary to life which are closely linked to the quality of life.”

Cycle of Sleep

Everyone’s heard of the sleep cycle so I’m just going to briefly touch on it here. There are two basic types of sleep. The first is non-REM sleep which also has three stages of its own and the second is the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

The three stages of non-REM are Stage 1 which is the transition into sleep and is relatively light. It is when brain waves begin to slow down. Stage 2 is the period just before you enter into deeper sleep when your heart rate and breathing slow, your muscles relax, your body temperature starts to drop, and eye movements stop. This is the stage where you spend most of your sleeping time. Stage 3 of non-REM sleep is the period of deep sleep that you need to feel refreshed in the morning. It occurs more during the first half of the night. Your heartbeat and breathing are slowed to their lowest level, and you are most relaxed. Brain waves are at their slowest.

REM sleep first occurs about 90 minutes after falling asleep. Your eyes move rapidly even though your eyelids are closed. Your brain waves are closer to those when you are awake. Breathing becomes faster and your heart rate and blood pressure increase. This is when most of your dreaming occurs. Although, some can occur during non-REM sleep periods. During REM sleep your arm and leg muscles may become temporarily paralyzed which prevents you from acting out your dreams. As you age, you spend less time in REM sleep.

What Happens When We Sleep?

If we’re going to spend this much time sleeping there must be some benefit to it, right? Surely it is not just a way to pass the time until we have something better to do.

There have been a lot of theories over the years about why we sleep. Some of the older ones include the adaptive or evolutionary theory that says animals sleep during periods of vulnerability, such as darkness, so that they won’t attract attention. However, this seems to be counterintuitive. During periods of vulnerability, I would certainly want to be most alert. Another theory is that of energy conservation. During periods of sleep the body has less need for energy and will not require food as often. For most of human history, and continually for the rest of the animal world, food is a scarce item and energy conservation is important to survival.

People have always recognized that somehow sleep helped rejuvenate us. Newer research points to this as probably the main reason why we sleep. Sleep helps clear the brain of waste products that accumulate when we are awake allowing it to function more efficiently.

Sleep also helps us consolidate the day’s memories. It facilitates the conversion of short term to long term memories so that they are more readily accessible. Sleep also improves alertness, concentration, and cognitive performance. This may be why some people recommend a good night’s sleep rather than an all-night cramming session prior to finals.

Sleep helps regulate various hormones that are responsible for appetite control, growth, and metabolism. Poor sleep can exacerbate physical problems such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. Sleep is essential to our immune function; prolonged periods of sleep deprivation put us at risk for opportunistic infections. Sleep is also important for our emotional well-being and for helping to prevent anxiety and depression.

I will finish this post with two quotes that I particularly like about why we sleep.

Sleep is an investment in the energy you need to be effective tomorrow.
-Tom Rath, American author and consultant

Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together.
-Thomas Dekker, 17th Century English poet and playwright